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Extracts from Cesare Lombroso

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Lombroso 1876 L'uomo delinquente studiato in rapporto alla antropologia, alla medecina legale, ed alle discipline carcerarie [The criminal man studied in connection with anthropology, forensic medicine, and prison discipline].
Translated into English by Mary Gibson and Nicole Hahn Rafter.

Lombroso 1876/1878 - Lombroso 1876/1884 - Lombroso 1876/1889 -

Lombroso 1893/1895 The Female Offender by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero, with an introduction by W. Douglas Morrison, Her Majesty's Prison, Wandsworth. Illustrated. New York. D. Appleton and Company. 1895

Lombroso 1876/1896-1897 -

Lombroso 1876/1911 Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso Briefly summarised by his daughter, Gina Lombroso Ferrero, with an introduction by Cesare Lombroso. New York and London. 1911


Lombroso, C. 1876 L'uomo delinquente studiato in rapporto alla antropologia, alla medecina legale, ed alle discipline carcerarie [The criminal man studied in connection with anthropology, forensic medicine, and prison discipline].

Extracts from the English translation by Mary Gibson and Nicole Hahn Rafter

Contents
Lombroso's Preface (page 43
1 Criminal Craniums (Sixty-six Skulls) (page 45
2 Anthropometry and Physiognomy of 832 Criminals (page 50
3 Tattoos (page 58
4 Emotions of Criminals (page 63
5 Criminals and Religion (p. 70
6 Intelligence and Education of Criminals (p. 72
7 Jargon (p. 77
8 Criminal Literature (p. 79
9 Insanity and Crime (p. 81
10 Organized Crime (p. 85
11 Atavism and Punishment (p. 91

1876/2006 p.43

Author's Preface

... Those who have had direct contact with offenders... know that they are different from other people, with weak or diseased minds that can rarely be healed. Psychiatrists in many cases find it impossible to neatly distinguish between madness and crime. And yet legislators, believing exceptions to free will to be rare, ignore the advice of psychiatrists and prison officials. They do not understand that most criminals really do lack free will....

It seems to me important... to determine whether the criminal man belongs to the same category as the healthy man or the insane individual or in an entirely separate category. To do this and decide whether there is a force in nature that causes crime, we must... proceed... to the direct physical and psychological study of the criminal, comparing the results with the information on the healthy and the insane.

The outcome of such inquiries is presented in this work.

1876/2006 p.45

1: Criminal Craniums (Sixty-six Skulls)

1876/2006 p.48

... such a brain suggests not the sublimity of the primate, but the lower level of the rodent or lemur, or the brain of a human fetus of three or four months

If we compare criminals with the insane, we find the former exhibit a similar or perhaps greater number of cranial abnormalities. This is not surprising given that most of the insane are not born so, but become mad, while criminals are born with evil inclinations.

cranial abnormalities in criminals... closely... correspond to characteristics observed in normal skulls of the coloured and inferior races.

...

1876/2006 p.49

These features recall the black American and Mongol races and, above all, prehistoric man much more than the white races.

These abnormalities are almost always found in large clusters in individual criminals like Villella. Is it possible that individuals with such an enormous variety of cranial abnormalities can have the same level of intelligence and sense of responsibility as men with perfectly normal skulls?

1876/2006 p.50

1876/2006 p.51

When ... one ignores those rare individuals who form the oligarchy of the criminal world to study the entire spectrum of these wretches, as I have done in various prisons, one has to conclude that while offenders may not look fierce, there is nearly always something strange about their appearance. It can even be said that each type of crime is committed by men with particular physiognomic characteristics, such as lack of a beard or an abundance of hair; this may explain why the overall appearance is neither delicate nor pleasant.

In general, thieves are notable for their expressive faces and manual dexterity, small wandering eyes that are often oblique in form, thick and close eyebrows, distorted or squashed noses, thin beards and hair, and sloping foreheads. Like rapists, they often have jug ears. Rapists, however, nearly always have sparkling eyes, delicate features, and swollen lips and eyelids. Most of them are frail; some are hunchbacked. Pederasts are often distinguished by a feminine elegance of the hair and feminine clothing, which they insist on wearing even under their prison uniforms.

Habitual murderers have a cold, glassy stare and eyes that are sometimes bloodshot and filmy; the nose is often hawklike and always large; the jaw is strong, the cheekbones broad; and their hair is dark, abundant, and crisply textured. Their beards are scanty, their canine teeth very developed, and their lips thin. Often their faces contract, exposing the teeth. Among nearly all arsonists, I have observed a softness of skin, an almost childlike appearance, and an abundance of thick straight hair that is almost feminine. One extremely curious example from Pesaro, known as "the woman," was truly feminine in appearance and behavior.

1876/2006 p.53

Nearly all criminals have jug ears, thick hair, thin beards, pronounced sinuses, protruding chins, and broad cheekbones.

[Lombroso then gives some examples

But anthropology needs numbers, not isolated, generic descriptions, especially for use in forensic medicine. This I will provide statistics on 390 criminals from the regions of Emila, the Marches, and southern Italy....

Jug ear are found on 28% percent of criminals, but the proportion varies by region: 47% of Sicilian criminals have jug ears, as do 33% from Piedmont, 11% percent from Naples, 33% from the Romagna, 9% from Sardinia, and 36% from Lombardy.

Nine percent of all criminals have very long ears, although that proportion rises to 10 percent in Lombardy and the Romagna and 18 percent in Sicily and Piedmont.

2: Anthropometry and Physiognomy of 832 Criminals

1876/2006 p.58

3: Tattos

1876/2006 p.63

4: Emotions of Criminals

1876/2006 p.67

Everyone agrees that the few violent women far exceed men in their ferocity and cruely... Thus Shakespeare depicts Lady Macbeth as more cruel and cold than her male accomplice.

...

After the delights of taking revenge and satisfying his vanity, the criminal finds no greater pleasure than those offered by drinking and gambling. However, the passion for alcohol is very complex, being both a cause and an effect of crime.

1876/2006 p.70

5: Criminals and Religion

1876/2006 p.72

6: Intelligence and Education of Criminals

1876/2006 p.77

7: Jargon

1876/2006 p.79

8: Criminal Literature

1876/2006 p.81

9: Insanity and Crime

1876/2006 pp 83- 84

If there is a line between crime and madness, it is a subtle division that is often not perceived until it is too late, after justice has been handed down, or when there is no remedy for the harm. In some cases there is no dividing line at all, since the distinction between crime and [p.87] madness is something constructed not by nature but by society. This is why we must establish criminal insane asylums; they are the only solution to the eternal conflict between justice and public security.

1876/2006 p.85

10: Organised Crime

1876/2006 p.91

11: Atavism and Punishment


1878

Lombroso's Preface page 99
12 Suicide among Criminals page 101
13 Criminals of Passion page 105
14 Recidivism, Morality, and Remorse page 108
15 Handwriting of Criminals page 111
16 Etiology of Crime: Weather and Race page 114
17 Etiology of Crime: Civilization, Alcohol, and Heredity page 120
18 Etiology of Crime: Age, Sex, Moral Education, Genitals, and Imitation page 127
19 Prevention of Crime page 135
20 Penal Policy page 141
Appendix 1 Giovanni Cavaglià page 149
Appendix 2 A Medical Examination of Parricide and Insanity page 154


1884

Author's preface page 163
21 Crime and Inferior Organisms page 167
22 Crime and Prostitution among Savages page 175
23 Origins of Punishment page 183
Moral Insanity and Crime among Children page 188
25 Anomalies of the Brain and Internal Organs page 198
26 Photographs of Born Criminals page 202
27 Sensitivity and Blushing in Criminals page 206
28 Moral Insanity and Born Criminality page 212
29 Summary of Edition 3 page 221


1889

Lombroso's preface page 229
30 Metabolism, Menstruation, and Fertility page 237
31 Criminal Communication page 239
32 Art and Industry among Criminals page 244
33 The Epileptic Criminal page 247
34 Epileptics and Born Criminals page 253
35 Physiology and Etiology of Epilepsy page 260
36 The Insane Criminal page 267
37 Biology and Psychology of Insane Criminals page 271
38 The Alcoholic Criminal page 277
39 The Hysterical Criminal page 281
40 The Mattoid page 284
41 The Occasional Criminal page 288


The Female Offender by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero, with an introduction by W. Douglas Morrison, Her Majesty's Prison, Wandsworth. Illustrated. New York. D. Appleton and Company. 1895

CRIMINAL FEMALE LUNATICS

At Broadmoor the greatest number of lunatics are to be found among the homicides and wounders (103 in 141); next comes incest, 19; parricides 6, and burglary 3.

The greater number of female lunatics are married women, while the greater number of male lunatics are single (see " L'Uomo Delinquente," vol. ii.) ; and this fact confirms the observations made on healthy criminals in all countries.

The lunatic asylums for females receive more inmates in summer (25) than in winter (21), while the figures for spring and autumn are respectively 1 1- 14. The statistics of male criminals are about the same.


1896

42 Criminal Craniums (689 Skulls) page 301
43 Anthropometry and Physiognomy of 6,608 Criminals page 306
44 Political Criminals page 313
45 Etiology of Crime: Urban Density, Alcoholism, Wealth, and Religion page 316
46 Etiology of Crime: Heredity, Sex, and Politics page 325
47 Prevention of Crime page 331
48 Synthesis and Penal Applications page 338


Criminal Man, According to the Classification of Cesare Lombroso Briefly summarised by his daughter, Gina Lombroso Ferrero, with an introduction by Cesare Lombroso. New York and London. 1911

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

PART ONE.- THE CRIMINAL WORLD
PART 1: CHAPTER ONE
1.1 The Born Criminal
Classical and modern schools of penal jurisprudence- Physical anomalies of the born criminal - Senses and functions - Psychology - Intellectual " manifestations - The criminal in proverbial sayings.
PART I: CHAPTER TWO
1.2 The Born Criminal and his Relation to Moral Insanity and Epilepsy
Identity of born criminals and the morally insane - Analogy of physical and psychic characters, origin and develop- ment - Epilepsy - Multiformity of disease - Equivalence of certain forms to criminality - Physical and psychic characters - Cases of moral insanity with latent epileptic phenomena.
PART I: CHAPTER THREE
1.3 The Insane Criminal
General forms of criminal insanity, imbecility, melancholia, general paralysis, dementia, monomania - Physical and psychic characters of the mentally deranged - Special forms of criminal insanity - Inebriate lunatics from in- ebriation - Physical and psychic characters - Specific crimes - Epileptic lunatics - Manifestations - Hysterical lunatics - Physical and functional characters - Psychology.
PART I: CHAPTER FOUR
1.4 Criminaloids
Psychology - Tardy adoption of criminal career - Repent- ance - Confession - Moral sense and affections - Habitual criminals - Juridical criminals - Criminals of passion.

PART TWO.- CRIME, ITS ORIGIN, CAUSE, AND CURE
PART TWO: CHAPTER I
2.1 Origin and Causes of Crime
Atavistic origin of crime - Criminality in children - Patho- logical origin of crime - Direct and indirect heredity - Illnesses, intoxications, and traumatism - Alcoholism - Social causes of crime - Education and environment - Atmospheric and climatic influences - Density of popula- tion - Imitation - Immigration - Prison life - Economic conditions - Sex - Age.
PART TWO: CHAPTER 2
2.2 The Prevention of Crime
Preventive institutions for children and young people - Homes for orphans and destitute children - Colonies for unruly youths - Institutions for assisting adults - Salva- tion Army.
PART TWO: CHAPTER 3
2.3 Methods for the Cure and Repression of Crime
Juvenile offenders - Children's Courts - Institutions for female offenders - Minor offenders, criminals of passion, political offenders, and criminaloids - Probation system and indeterminate sentence - Reformatories - Peniten- tiaries - Institutes for habitual criminals - Penal colonies - Institutions for born criminals and the morally insane - Asylums for insane criminals - Capital punishment - Symbiosis.

PART THREE.- CHARACTERS AND TYPES OF CRIMINALS
PART THREE: CHAPTER 1
3.1 Examination of Criminals
Antecedents and psychology - Methods of testing intelligence and emotions - Alorbid phenomena - Speech, memory and handwriting - Clothing - Physical examination - Tests of sensibility and senses - Excretions - Table of anthropological examination of criminals and the insane.
PART THREE: CHAPTER 2
3.2 Summary of Chief Forms of Criminality to Aid in Distinguishing between Criminals and Lunatics AND IN Detecting Simulations of Insanity
A few cases showing the practical application of criminal anthropology.


Introduction by Cesar Lombroso

The first idea came to me in 1864, when, as an army doctor, I beguiled my ample leisure with a series of studies on the Italian soldier. From the very beginning I was struck by a characteristic that distinguished the honest soldier from his vicious comrade : the extent to which the latter was tattooed and the indecency of the designs that covered his body. This idea, however, bore no fruit.

The second inspiration came to me when on one occasion, amid the laughter of my colleagues, I sought to base the study of psychiatry on experimental methods. When in '66, fresh from the atmosphere of clinical experiment, I had begun to study psychiatry [p. xiii], I realised how inadequate were the methods hitherto held in esteem, and how necessary it was, in studying the insane, to make the patient, not the disease, the object of attention. In homage to these ideas, I applied to the clinical examination of cases of mental alienation the study of the skull, with measurements and weights, by means of the esthesiometer and craniometer. Reassured by the result of these first steps, I sought to apply this method to the study of criminals-that is, to the differentiation of criminals and lunatics, following the example of a few investigators, such as Thomson and Wilson; but as at that time I had neither criminals nor moral imbeciles available for observation (a remarkable circumstance since I was to make the criminal my starting-point), and as I was skeptical as to the existence of those "moral lunatics" so much insisted on by both French and English authors, whose demonstrations, however, showed a lamentable lack of precision, I was anxious to apply the experimental method to the study of the diversity, rather than the analogy, between lunatics, criminals, and normal individuals. Like him, however, whose lantern lights the road for others, while he himself stumbles in the darkness, this method proved useless for determining the differences between criminals and lunatics, but served instead to [p. xiv ] indicate a new method for the study of penal jurisprudence, a matter to which I had never given serious thought. I began dimly to realise that the a priori studies on crime in the abstract, hitherto pursued by jurists, especially in Italy, with singular acumen, should be superseded by the direct analytical study of the criminal, compared with normal individuals and the insane.

I, therefore, began to study criminals in the Italian prisons, and, amongst others, I made the acquaintance of the famous brigand Vilella. This man possesssed such extraordinary agility, that he had been known to scale steep mountain heights bearing a sheep on his shoulders. His cynical effrontery was such that he openly boasted of his crimes. On his death one cold grey November morning, I was deputed to make the post-mortem, and on laying open the skull I found on the occipital part, exactly on the spot where a spine is found in the normal skull, a distinct depression which I named median occipital fossa, because of its situation precisely in the middle of the occiput as in inferior animals, especially rodents. This depression, as in the case of animals, was correlated with the hypertrophy of the vermis, known in birds as the middle cerebellum.

PART ONE.- THE CRIMINAL WORLD

1.1 The Born Criminal
Classical and modern schools of penal jurisprudence- Physical anomalies of the born criminal - Senses and functions - Psychology - Intellectual " manifestations - The criminal in proverbial sayings.

1.2 The Born Criminal and his Relation to Moral Insanity and Epilepsy
Identity of born criminals and the morally insane - Analogy of physical and psychic characters, origin and develop- ment - Epilepsy - Multiformity of disease - Equivalence of certain forms to criminality - Physical and psychic characters - Cases of moral insanity with latent epileptic phenomena.

p.69...

The connection between epilepsy and crime is one of derivation rather than identity. Epilepsy represents the genus of which criminality and moral insanity are the species.

The born criminal is an epileptic, inasmuch as he possesses the anatomical, skeletal, physiognomical, psychological, and moral characteristics peculiar to the recognised form of epilepsy, and sometimes also its motorial phenomena, although at rare intervals. More frequently he exhibits its substitutes (vertigo, twitching, sialorrhea, emotional attacks). But the criminal epileptic possesses other characteristics [p.70] peculiar to himself; in particular, that desire of evil for its own sake, which is unknown to ordinary epileptics. In view of this fact this form of epilepsy must be considered apart from the purely nervous anomaly, both in the clinical diagnosis and the methods of cure and social prophylaxis.

1.3 The Insane Criminal
General forms of criminal insanity, imbecility, melancholia, general paralysis, dementia, monomania - Physical and psychic characters of the mentally deranged - Special forms of criminal insanity - Inebriate lunatics from in- ebriation - Physical and psychic characters - Specific crimes - Epileptic lunatics - Manifestations - Hysterical lunatics - Physical and functional characters - Psychology.

p.74

General Forms of Criminal Lunacy

Epileptic born criminals and the morally insane may be classed as lunatics under certain aspects, but only by the scientific observer and professional psychologist. Outside these two forms, there is an important series of offenders, who are not criminals from birth, but become such at a given moment of their lives, in consequence of an alteration of the brain, which completely upsets their moral nature and makes them unable to discriminate between right and wrong. They are really insane; that is, entirely without responsibility for their actions.

Nearly every class of mental derangement contributes a special form of crime.

p.87...

Epilepsy

We have spoken of this disease in another chapter and have shown that the born criminal is in reality an epileptic, in whom the malady, instead of manifesting itself suddenly in strange muscular contortions or terrible spasms, develops slowly in continual brain irritation, which causes the individual thus affected to reproduce the ferocious egotism natural to primitive savages, irresistibly bent on harming others.

But besides these epileptics, who are morally insane from their birth and pass their lives in prisons and lunatic asylums, without any one being able to mark the exact boundary between their perversity and their irresponsibility; besides these individuals, whom society has a right, nay a moral obligation, to remove from its midst because they are ever a source of danger there are those who are afflicted with other forms of epilepsy;- forms in which irritation is manifested in seizures exactly similar to the typical [p.88] convulsive fit, which they resemble also with regard to variation in intensity and duration. Generally speaking, they are likewise accompanied by complete loss of memory and consciousness, but in some cases there may be partial or complete consciousness, and yet the sufferer is not responsible for his actions. This variety of epilepsy, termed by Samt psychic epilepsy (epilepsy with psychic seizures), manifests itself at long intervals, sometimes onlyonce, but more frequently twice or thrice in the course of a lifetime, and during the attack the personality of the individual undergoes a complete change.

1.4 Criminaloids
Psychology - Tardy adoption of criminal career - Repentance - Confession - Moral sense and affections - Habitual criminals - Juridical criminals - Criminals of passion.

PART TWO.- CRIME, ITS ORIGIN, CAUSE, AND CURE

2.1 Origin and Causes of Crime
Atavistic origin of crime - Criminality in children - Pathological origin of crime - Direct and indirect heredity - Illnesses, intoxications, and traumatism - Alcoholism - Social causes of crime - Education and environment - Atmospheric and climatic influences - Density of population - Imitation - Immigration - Prison life - Economic conditions - Sex - Age.

2.2 The Prevention of Crime
Preventive institutions for children and young people - Homes for orphans and destitute children - Colonies for unruly youths - Institutions for assisting adults - Salvation Army.

2.3 Methods for the Cure and Repression of Crime
Juvenile offenders - Children's Courts - Institutions for female offenders - Minor offenders, criminals of passion, political offenders, and criminaloids - Probation system and indeterminate sentence - Reformatories - Peniten- tiaries - Institutes for habitual criminals - Penal colonies - Institutions for born criminals and the morally insane - Asylums for insane criminals - Capital punishment - Symbiosis.

PART 3.- CHARACTERS AND TYPES OF CRIMINALS

3.1 Examination of Criminals
Antecedents and psychology - Methods of testing intelli- gence and emotions - Alorbid phenomena - Speech, me- mor3% and handwriting - Clothing - Physical examination - Tests of sensibility and senses - Excretions - Table of anthropological examination of criminals and the insane.

3.2 Summary of Chief Forms of Criminality to Aid in Distinguishing between Criminals and Lunatics AND IN Detecting Simulations of Insanity. A few cases showing the practical application of criminal anthropology.

The cases described in this chapter show the necessity of being able to estimate correctly accusations made against insane persons by criminals or normal individuals. Since, moreover, criminals are prone to sham insanity in order to avoid punishment, I sum up the characteristics that distinguish the various types of criminals. With regard to insane criminals, it must be remembered that every form of mental alienation assumes a specific criminality.

The idiot is addicted to bursts of rage, savage assaults, and homicide. His unbridled sexual appetite prompts him to commit rape. He is sometimes guilty of arson in order to gratify a childish pleasure at the sight of the flames.

The imbecile or weak-minded egotist is a frequent though imnecessary accomplice in nearly every crime, owing to his susceptibility to suggestion and incapability of understanding the gravity of his actions.

Melancholia is often the cause of suicide or homicide (as a species of indirect suicide). The sufferer generally confesses and gives himself up to the police. Delusions that he is being poisoned or insulted are often the cause of the murders committed by this type of lunatic.

Maniacs commit robbery, rape, homicide, and arson, and behave indecently in public.

Stealing is common among those afflicted with general paralysis, who believe everything they see belongs to them, or do not understand the meaning of property.

Dementia causes general cerebral irritation, which frequently results in murder and violence.

Hysterical persons invent slanders, especially of an erotic nature. They are given to sexual aberrations and delight in fraud and extravagant actions to make themselves notorious.

Persons subject to a mania for litigation offend statesmen and others.

Epileptics, of whom bom criminals and the morally insane are the most dangerous variety, are familiar with the whole scale of criminality. Their special offences are assault and battery, rape, theft, and forgery. The first offences are committed intermittingly at the prompting of attacks of cortical irritation, the last two almost continuously owing to a state of constant irritation.

To distinguish between genuine insanity and simulation, it must be remembered that exaggeration of the symptoms is one of the chief characteristics of shamming. The simulator exaggerates the morbid phenomena and manifests a greater inco-ordination of ideas than does the genuine lunatic who gives sensible replies to simple questions, whereas the simulator talks nonsense. For instance, if a simulator is asked his name, his answer will show no connection with the question. He will say, perhaps:

"Did you bring the bill?" or if asked how old he is, will answer: "I am not hungry."

Above all, in order to distinguish between dementia, idiocy, cretinism, and an imitation of these forms, a minute somatic examination is necessary. It should be remarked that in idiots, imbeciles, and cretins we generally find hypertrophy of the connective tissues, earthen hue, scanty beard, stenocrotaphy, malformations of the skull, ears, teeth, face, and especially jaws, and there are invariably anomalies in the field of vision, lessened sensibility to touch and pain (which cannot be simulated since pain invariably produces dilatation of the pupils), meteoric sensibility, attacks of hemicrania, neuralgia, hallucinations, and even convulsions, epileptic fits, tremors disposing to propulsive forms, and, psycho- logically, absence of natural feeling, sadism, and the inability to adopt a regular occupation.

When dealing with a simulation of epilepsy, it must be borne in mind that the epileptic always manifests salient degenerate characteristics, especially asymmetry of the face, skull, and thorax; and a careful investigation reveals neurosis of some kind in the family and trauma or serious illness in childhood. During the seizure, the pupil does not react (this cannot be simulated) or there is excessive mydriasis. The sudden pallor, and the exhaustion which follows the fit, are absent in the simulator, nor does he bite his tongue or injure himself in other ways. Furthermore, he reacts at the application of ammonia, and as he is not in that state of asphyxia in which the epileptic lies during the fit, the closing of his mouth and nostrils likewise produces a reaction.

Hysteria. Here the detection of shamming is more difficult, since deceit is a characteristic of this disease. Tests with metals, to which hysterical persons are extremely sensitive, suggestion and hypnotism should be resorted to. The character of the crime should be specially considered, because, as we stated, the foundation of hysteria is an erotic one, and offences committed by the hysterical are nearly always of this nature in the means or the end.

An examination of sensibility with suitable instruments, and of reflex action, is to be recommended in all cases.






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1876 (2006 translation)

1895

1911


Born criminals 1876 (born and insane) - 1884 - 1889 (born and epileptic) - 1911 especially

Insane criminals 1876 introduction (healthy or insane) - 1876, p.48 (born and insane) - (subtle line crime and madness) - 1889 - 1911 especially

Occasional criminals 1889 - criminaloids 1911

Criminals of passion 1878 - 1911