Throughout his career as a Medical Commissioner, Turner
appears from the
evidence to have been more active and reliable in visiting and
attending
board meetings than Hume, Bright or Southey.
The opening in 1825 was marked by a presitigious ceremony
which Turner
organised. Halford wrote to him from his home on 30.6.1825
On Halford's motion the Fellows unanimously decided to
purchase a piece of
plate for £25, with a suitable inscription, to be
presented to Turner
(RCP
Annals.
Meeting on 30.9.1825)
His signature appears on Reports more often than the other
medical
commissioners (3.4.1 table one). However, during the
period July
1829 to April 1831 he was the least frequent of the active
medical
visitors, spending an average of 6.5 days a quarter visiting
private
asylums. (3.4.2 table
two)
Hansard Wednesday 16.7.1845. In Committee on the Lunatics Bill:
Mr Warburton moved to omit all the words after 'that' for the purpose of
inserting the following words:
... Amendment agreed to
So, as passed, the Act only provided for pensions calculated on years
of service
as a Lunacy Commissioner
(see law)
Between August 1845 and December 1846, Turner attended Boards
only a little
less often than
Prichard
(see table) and he was not
absent for
long periods like
Hume
(see table)
However, it was not necessarily the most active commissioners
who attended
the most Boards. A commissioner indisposed for much visiting
might
increase his Board attendance whilst those who took over his
visiting
decreased theirs. Prichard, in fact, was minuted as
indisposed for
visiting at a time when he was regularly attending Boards.
(See Hume M3)
This list only counts meetings that were attended by all three
legal
commissioners. On these occasions the missing commissioner
was probably
not visiting as visits usually required a medical and legal
commissioner.
From the minutes we gather that Hume and Prichard were unable
to carry
their full share of visiting, so Turner must have done more
than his share.
It appears, therefore, that during these three years he was
the medical
commissioner most available for work.
Aged 90 (1863?) he was garrotted by roughs, the only effect of
which was to
cure his goitre" (Munk)
The fourth son of Paul Bright ("gentleman") of Inkersall in
Stavely parish,
near Chesterfield, North Derbyshire. Paul Bright died
17.3.1804 and was
buried at Stavely.
Married (before 1811) Elizabeth Minors of Birmingham.
The Milnes' wealth came from lead smelting. William Milnes was
sometime JP
and Deputy Lieutenant for Derbyshire (Stephen Glover's
History of County
Derby 1833, part one, volume 2, pages 57-65)
Royal College of Physicians Harveian Orator 1830.
Royal College of Physicians Censor again
1833. Elect 25.6.1839. Censor again 1840.
Boas: Medical education Glasgow 1795, Edinburgh 1796-1797,
Glasgow 1798-
1799
(Peterkin and
Johnston
record Hume as entering the army as a hospital
mate 28.10.1798 and serving in Holland in 1799)
9.5.1800 Assistant Surgeon, 92nd Regiment of Foot. 1801 Served
in Egypt.
9.7.1803 Surgeon, 14th Battalion of Reserve. 25.3.1805: 79th
Regiment of
Foot. 1808 Served in the Peninsular War. In 1809 he was in the
Walcheren
expedition, which sailed on July 27th in the hope of attacking
Antwerp, but
was finally abandoned on December 12th. On 17.8.1809 he was
promoted to
Staff Surgeon, a designation used for surgeons not belonging
to regiments,
but employed on the staff of a General in the field, or in a
General
Hospital.
MD St Andrews 12.1.1816. FRCP Edinburgh 1816. From 1815 to
1818 France was
"supervised" by an "ambassadorial conference" under
Wellington, and Hume
was in Paris as physician to the embassy.
Saturday 21.3.1829. On Friday he received a message from a
cabinet minister
to attend a duel the next morning and to bring pistols. The
duel was
between the Duke and Lord Winchelsea. No blood was shed. Hume
loaded the
Duke's pistols. (LONGFORD, vol.2 pp 186-189)
Hume was in a sufficiently poor state of health that his
incapacity
sometimes put the commission under very severe strain. He was
sworn in by
the Lord Chancellor on 8.4.1845, but did not attend the
Board until
30.9.1845. In 1846, 1847 and 1848
he
consistently attended only about two-
thirds as many meetings as the other professional
commissioners
(see table).
It was probable that neither would be available for London
visiting for
"some time to come" and the board decided that "during the
current
statutory year" houses in London, except for pauper houses,
should be
visited by one or two legal commissioners, instead of a
medical and legal
commissioner as required by the 1845 Lunacy Act. (MH50/5 pp
69-70)
The Lancet printed the letter prominently and apologised fro
the critical
editorials, which it said had not been written by the editor.
They had been
printed by "accident" and the Lancet was pleased to have
opportunity to
state that it
His father, Robert Southey (born about 1745, probably in Wellington,
Somerset) married, 25.9.1772, Margaret Hill (born about 1752 in Somerset,
died 5.1.1802 London) in Bedminster Church, Bristol
Henry Herbert Southey was at 1 Harley Street by 1838.
As staunch anti-medical reformers they might be expected to make common
cause with "that hot-bed of corruption" the Bethlem Hospital Committee.
Their report was not an impartial, judicial document, but a one-sided,
ex parte piece of special pleading. The home Secretary was urged to
institute a real inquiry, instead of one "by two convicted whitewashers"
(Lancet
editorial 23.1.1841)
The third son of William Seymour of 65 Margaret Street, Cavendish Square,
an "attorney at law", at some time resident in Brighton for thirty years
and chairman of Sussex Quarter Sessions. (DNB).
Munk uses the term "a London solicitor"
instead of attorney at law.
Edward Seymour was educated at Richmond School, Surrey and Jesus College,
Cambridge.
BA June 1816, MA 1819
He made his first five visits with two other metropolitan commissioners,
which was such an unusual pattern (see 3.4.2 table two) as to suggest he was being
trained.
The dispensary, established in 1782, gave medical and surgical advice and
dispensed medicine to the sick poor from all parts. It had over 5,000
patients a year, although less than one in five were relieved in their own
homes. In the early 1850s its income was about £890, but it owed
£500 to the bank. As well as the consultant physician, it had two
physicians, a surgeon, consulting surgeon, apothecary, secretary and
treasurer
(Low's Charities 1854)
Born Ross, Herefords 11.2.1786. The eldest son of Thomas and
Mary
Prichard, both members of The Religious Society of Friends
(Quakers). His
father was "engaged in commercial life with a firm of iron and
tin-plate
merchants in Bristol".
King's College, London was founded in 1829 as an Anglican
reaction to the
non-denominational University of London opened in 1826.
Bisset Hawkins
was its Professor of Materia Medica from 1830 to 1835. In
1831, when
cholera was threatening St Petersburg, he published The
History of the
Epidemic Spasmodic Cholera of Russia, "a serviceable
collection of
facts, so far as they could be learned, respecting the march
of the disease
from India through Russia" and concluding with an account of
the
establishment of a Board of Health for England with
Henry Halford
at its head. (Royal Society Obituary).
The 1835 Prison Act enabled the Home Office to appoint four
inspectors of
the prisons run by JPs. Viscount Howick explained that the
Prison Bill was
like the Poor Law Amendment Act, because it intended to leave:
The inspectors seem to have been divided by rival allegiances
to the
"silent" and "separate" systems of prison discipline. In his
reports he:
He was said to have prevented "serious sanitary mistakes by
the Government
of the time in its dealings with prisoners" (Royal Society
Obituary).
When, in 1836, national civil registration of births, deaths
and marriages
was established, he was,
Samuel Gaskell was the first Resident Superintendent of an
asylum to be
appointed a Lunacy Commissioner.
In early life, Samuel wanted to be a doctor, but the family
doctor
discouraged
this because of the "weakness of his eyes, caused by an attack
of measles".
Instead he was apprenticed for seven years to a Liverpool
publisher and
bookseller. He had there access to "the best literature of the
day",
including medical literature. When important news arrived
from America he
was employed to take it to London by post-chaise and used the
long journeys
for reading.
As Samuel continued to want to be a doctor his
master freed him
from several years of his apprenticeship freeing him "to follow his
original bent"
Born 21.8.1825. Llanidloes, Montgomery, Wales. His father was John Cleaton
and his mother was Mary Davies. He was christened at Bethel Calvinistic
Methodist Church, Llanidloes on 17.9.1825 or 18.9.1825
John Cleaton married Mary Davies in Llanidloes on 25.3.1823. They had an
earlier son, also John Davies Cleaton, born on 1.3.1824, who presumably
died in early childhood.
He was proposed (by Drs Robertson and
Maudsley) as an honorary member of the
asylum doctors'
association
in 1866, and elected in 1867.
He gave evidence to the 1877 SCHC (p. 495 following).
Cleaton died at Cumberland House, 158 (?) Hammersmith Road,
London.
There was a very short
Times
obituary on 3.9.1901 (page 7,
col.6).
Born about 1837. Died December 1893
A "distinguished pupil" at the Merchant Taylor's School, from
which he
obtained a classical exhibition in 1855 to
St Thomas's Hospital
(Lancet). He
had an
address at 68 Harley Street, West (1860-1862 Medical
Directories, 1870 Medical
Register).
Born 20.7.1836. Died 22.2.1925
Registered 18.12.1862. Address 38 Park Square, Leeds
From 1864 on, Allbutt was on the staff of Leeds General
Infirmary
Dispensary and Fever Hospital, he was medical lecturer at
Yorkshire College
and also engaged in clinical work at
West Riding Asylum
Rhys Williams was one of the two asylum doctors on the
Commission. Allbutt
was not an asylum
doctor and so his appointment was a temporary diversion from
the practice
second son of James P. Needham
died in office 1897
Born about 1846 in Waterford, Ireland.
1866 Licentiate Royal College of
Surgeons, Ireland
1867 Licentiate Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh
22.1.1868 First registered as a doctor in England
Sometime assistant physician at Aberdeen Royal Asylum.
1868 to 1873: Senior Assistant Physician
Durham County Asylum
1874 to 1875?: Senior Assistant Physician
Wakefield
County Asylum
1875 to ?:
Superintendent of
Hull Borough
Asylum
Married 28.8.1879 Maria Louisa Pearson of the Pearson family,
who were ship
builders and owners in Hull.
Medical Superintendent
Whittingham
County Asylum, Lancashire by 1881, when he and his
family are
shown on
the
census.
Still at Wittingham in 1889.
Joined
Asylum Doctors'
Association in
1876.
M.D. from Aberdeen University in 1883
Article on
Bleeding in
Epilepsy in
Journal of Mental
Science
1886.
Appointed medical commissioner about 1894 (in place of
Cleaton?).
The original hand list in MH51/737 says that Wallis was
appointed in 1893.
The typed list says 1894. I decided on 1894 to achieve the
greatest
consistency with Wallis replacing Cleaton
Died in
office, suddenly (aged 52) on 30.12.1897 at Ardwick Lodge,
Hull. He was
buried in the Pearson family vault in Hull General Cemetery.
"In loving Memory of Maria Louisa (Louie), daughter of the
late William
Hunt Pearson and dearly loved wife of John A. Wallis M.D. born
22 February
1851 died 21 July 1891. I will lay me down in peace and take
my rest for it
is thee Lord only that makest me to dwell in safety. Also in
memory of John
A Wallis M.D. a commissioner in Lunacy, late of Harrow who
died
30 December 1897 aged 52"
MH51/737 says that
Wallis died in office in 1897 and
Edward Marriot
Cooke
was appointed in 1898. An advertisement in
The
Lancet 8.1.1898
page 135, announced that a "John A. Wallis, M.D." of Harrow
had died
suddenly at Ardwick Lodge, Hull on December 30th 1897. The
Lancet obituary
for Cooke says it
was in
January 1898, on the death of Wallis, that he joined the
commission.
Family information mostly provided by Ann Adams
23.6.2002
Medical member of the
Lunacy
Commission
Click on the index number to see the relation to other
commissioners
|
M20
Edward Marriot Cooke Member Royal College of Surgeons
(1874) MB
(London 1877) KBE (1918)
Professional Commissioner 1898-1921, Acting Chaiman Board
of
Control 1916-1918, Honorary (Unpaid) Commissioner until 1930
Born 4.2.1852. Died 17.10.1931
Elder child and only son of Henry Edward Cooke of
Harrow-on-the-Hill.
Educated at a private school in Southampton and at Cholmeley's
School,
Highgate.
Sometime resident medical student King's College, London.
Completeed his
medical work at King's College Hospital. MB (University of
London)
1877
1873 Assistant to
Worcester County Asylum, Powick
1874 Member Royal College of Surgeons (England)
(Medical
Register
1878
19.3.1875 First entered on the Medical Register (Medical
Register
1878
1877
MB (University of London) (Medical Register 1878
Superintendent
Wiltshire County Asylum
1878 Joined Medico Psychological Association>
1879 Married Mary Anne Henrietta Cecil, daughter of Sir
George
Brooke-Pechel, fifth baronet, of Alton House
"an accomplished pianist and singer, whose gentleness and
charm helped to
mitigate the asperities of asylum life."
(Lancet 1931)
They had no children
1881 Superintendent to
Worcester County Asylum, Powick
The Lancet in 1931 wrote that
Hubert Bond as
Cooke's "friend
and colleague". Cooke was eighteen years older than Bond. When
he became
superintendent of the Powick Asylum, Bond was the ten year old
son of the
asylum chaplain. By the time Cooke left Powick to become a
commissioner,
Bond had graduated as a doctor and was serving as an assistant
in asylums.
Cooke was appointed in place of
Wallis who died
in office
30.12.1897
"It was in January 1898, on the death of Dr J. A. Wallis, that
Cooke joined
the Lunacy Commission when
Earl
Waldegrave was
chairman. he was not an innovator; he preferred to abide by
well-tried
measures, and his work is merged in the Board's corporate
activities.
Benevolently sceptical of new suggestions, he was ready to
encourage their
trial. As Commisioner he read every letter addressed to him
from patients,
and on his visits of inspection he gave them full opportunity
to ventilate
their grievances"
(Lancet 1931)
"When war came in 1914 and Cooke was 62 years old, his
services were
lent whole-time to the War Office, and with
one of his colleagues he
developed a scheme under which 24 hospitals with 31,000 beds
were placed at
the disposal of sick and wounded soldiers, of who some 480,000
were treated
there; that is one sixth of the total number from all fronts."
(Lancet 1931)
"For a while he acted as medical referee at Scotland yard in
doubtful
internment cases"
(Lancet 1931)
1916
"From 1916 to 1918 he was chairman of the Board during the
absence of
Sir
William
Byrne
in Ireland, being created K.B.E. at the end of this period."
(Lancet 1931)
1921 Resigned as full time commissioner
"he was appointed an honorary Commissioner, continuing to
attend meetings
of the Board right up to the coming into force of the Mental
Treatment
Act."
(Lancet 1931)
Two other honorary commissioners were appointed in 1921: C. L.
Forester
Walker, MP and Miss Ruth Darwin. They were appointed in the
places of Mrs
Ellen Francis Pinsent, who became a salaried commissioner,
Miss Mary Dendy (retired) and
Willoughby H. Dickinson MP (who resigned)
1927 death of his wife
Cooke ceased to be an honorary commissioner in 1930, as did
the other two
honorary commissioners: C. L. Forester Walker, MP and Miss
Ruth Darwin. I
take it that there was no provision for honorary commissioners
in the 1930
Mental Treatment Act. Ruth Darwin came back onto the Board in
1932 as a
Senior Commissioner in the place of Dame Ellen Pinsent. She
retired in
1950.
died London 17.10.1931
31.10.1931 One page Lancet obituary (page 990) with
photograph
Medical member of the
Lunacy
Commission
Click on the index number to see the relation to other
commissioners
|
M21
Sidney Coupland MD (London 1871-1874?) FRCP (1881)
Commissioner 1898-1921
Born 3.12.1849. Died 29.4.1930
Third son of W.H. Coupland, a business man, of Streatham
Educated Hove House School, Brighton
Medical Student at University College Hospital, London
1871? MD London
(Munk)
Resident posts at University College Hospital
1873 "Graduated with honours, University of London"
(Lancet)
Pathologist to
Middlesex Hospital
1874 Member of the Royal College of Physicians
(London). The
Lancet (contary
to Munk above) gives this as the year of his MD
1875 Assistant physician Middlesex Hospital
1879 Full physician Middlesex Hospital (change of
wards)
1880 Married Bessie, daughter of Thomas Potter of Great
Bedwin,
Wiltshire. [In 1930?] they had one surviving son: Sir Reginald
Coupland.
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (London)
1881 Gulstonian lecturer (FRCP) on anaemia
1889 to 1896: A member of the Royal College on
Vaccination
under the chairmanship of Lord
Herschell
1891 Dean of the Medical School at Middlesex Hospital
Appointed by Halsbury in
place of Reginald
Southey, the
previous
non-asylum
doctor.
1921 Retired from the Board of Control
1922 Harveian orator Royal College of Physicians
Tuesday 29.4.1930 Died at his house, Wooton Ridge,
Boar's Hill,
Oxford, leaving Bessie a widow.
10.3.1930 Two page Lancet obituary (pages 1036-1037)
with photograph
Medical member of the
Lunacy
Commission
Click on the index number to see the relation to other
commissioners
|
M22
Charles Hubert Bond MB (Edinburgh 1892), BSc
(Edinburgh 1893)
CBE (1920) KBE (1929)
Commissioner 1912-1945
Born 6.9.1870 Died 18.4.1945
Born at Ogbourne St George, Wiltshire. (Spelt Agbourne 1901
Census) The elder
son of Rev Alfred Bond who
became chaplain to
Worcester County Asylum, Powick.
map shows Ogbourne St George
north east of
Roundway, Devizes (site of the Wiltshire County Asylum)
1881 Aged ten: living at Powick where
Edward Marriot
Cooke became
asylum superintendent later that year.
1892 MB (Edinburgh)
1893 B.Sc (Public Health) (Edinburgh)
Junior appointment Morningside Asylum, Edinburgh.
Subsequent posts at
Wakefield,
Banstead and
Bexley
1900 Married Janet Constance Laurie (born about 1873),
daughter of
Frederic Robert Laurie (born about 1842) and Mary H. Laurie
(born about
1845) of Worcester. Janet was the daughter of
a Worcester
Bank Manager
(see 1881 census). They had one
daughter.
Reginald Bond (1872-1955), Charles younger brother, shown as a
surgeon in
the 1901 census. He became medical director-general of the
Royal Navy.
Charles Bond was "for many years... consultant in neurology
and mental
disorders to the Royal Navy"
(Aubrey Lewis)
1903 Medical Superintendent of London County Council's
new
Ewell Colony
for
Epileptics
Gave evidence to the Royal Commission on the Care and Control
of the
Feeble-Minded that confinement was the "most humane,
economical and
medically wise" solution.
1907 Medical Superintendent of London County Council's
new
Long Grove
Asylum
"During the next five years he established a
reputation as an
administrator and gathered round him a group of able young men
who were to
become leaders of this branch of medicine in the period
between the two
world wars"
(Aubrey Lewis)
Bond was the fourth medical commissioner.
Hodgson was the fourth legal
commissioner.
Bond was the only one to join the commission at this time as
Hodgson was
promoted from Secretary
10.11.1912 William Smart Harnett, a farmer, was
admitted under
certificate to
Malling
Place, West Malling, Kent, a licensed house owned
and managed by Dr George Henry Adam. On 12.12.1912
Harnet was
allowed out on 28 days leave of absence. On the morning of
14.12.1912 he visited the Commissioners in
Lunacy at
66 Victoria
Street.
"Dr Bond... was the Commissioner in charge of the
office on
that day. Before Dr Bond had seen [Harnett] he telephoned to
Dr Adam on
receiving [Harnett's] card to bring a car to take him back to
the asylum.
Dr. Bond had the file relating to the appellant, he had the
certificate,
and the record of the appellant's escape on December 4, but it
did not
appear that he knew that the appellant had been allowed out of
the
asylum."
It was later conceded that Dr Bond acted in a negligant manner
and was not
entitled to deprive Harnett of his freedom. However, Harnett
was detained
at Malling Place and other asylums for nearly nine years,
until he escaped
on 15.10.1921.
25.2.1913
Annual Meeting of the
After-Care Association at
which Dr C. Hubert Bond "Commissioner in Lunacy" read a paper on "After-
care in Cases of Mental Disorder, and the Desirability of its More Extended
Scope"
1914
Aubrey Lewis says that Bond
helped in turning
asylums over to military and other needs.
(see Cooke)
1921 Bond gave a "lengthy address" to the Royal Medico
Psychological
Association" pressing for the voluntary admission of mentally
ill patients
rather than their certification, as a means of obtaining
treatment in a
mental hospital"
(Aubrey Lewis)
31.5.1922 William Harnett's legal proceedings against
Charles Bond
and George Adam commenced before J. Lush and a special jury
(King's Bench).
After a long hearing, the judge summed up the case and put to
the jury
seventeen questions, which were answered as follows:-
1. Did Dr. Bond cause the plaintiff to be detained at the
office until the
attendants came for him? - Answer: Yes.
2. Did he cause him to be sent back for the purpose only of
his being
examined by Dr. Adam or for the purpose of his being detained
at Malling
Place? - Answer: Being detained at Malling Place.
3. Did Dr. Bond cause the plaintiff to be taken back? -
Answer: Yes.
4. Was the plaintiff of unsound mind on December 14, 1912? -
Answer: No.
5. Was he fit to be at large? - Answer: Yes.
6. Was he dangerous to himself or others? - Answer: No.
7. Did Dr. Bond honestly believe that the plaintiff was of
unsound mind? -
Answer: No.
8. Or that he was not fit to be at large? - Answer: No.
9. Or that he was dangerous to himself or others? - Answer:
No.
10. Did he believe that the plaintiff had escaped from his
brother's
charge? If so, was that his reason for having him sent back? -
Answer: Yes.
11. Did he take reasonable care to ascertain the true facts?
- Answer: No.
12. Did he honestly believe that Dr. Adam had retained a power
of taking
the plaintiff back during the 28 days in the Leave of Absence
Order? -
Answer: Yes.
13. Did Dr. Adam when he received the telephone message and
sent the car,
honestly believe that the plaintiff on December 14 was of
unsound mind and
unfit to be at large? - Answer: Yes.
14. That it was in his interest that he should be taken back
to Malling
Place? - Answer: Yes.
15. Did he take reasonable care in acting as he did? - Answer:
No.
16. Did he make it known to the plaintiff that he was liable
to be retaken
if his mental condition required it? - Answer: No.
17. Was the detention of the plaintiff at the Commissioners'
offices the
act of Dr. Bond alone or was it really the act of both the
defendants? -
Answer: Dr. Bond.
"The jury... awarded the very heavy damages of £25,000 .
The Court of
Appeal (later confirmed by the House of Lords) set the verdict
aside and
ordered a retrial, but this did not take place as the
plaintiff accepted
£250 paid into court"
(Aubrey Lewis) The size of these
damages can
be seen if compared with the size of
the donation made by Henry
Maudsley to found
the hospital that bears his name. (£30,000 increased to
£40,000)
1924
The Board of Control published a
report on
the nursing
service in mental hospitals by a committee chaired
by Bond.
7.4.1924 to 11.4.1924, 14.4.1924 and
15.4.1924
16.5.1924. Court of Appeal in case of Harnett v. Bond
and another.
20.9.1924 Lancet
obituary
of Frederick
Needham by
"C.H.B.", which I think must have been Bond.
Lords' Journals,
15.5.1925. Harnett v. Bond and another
1931: Appointed Senior Commissioner
1939
Aubrey Lewis says that Bond
helped in turning
mental hospitals over to military and other needs.
March 1945 Retired. Died 18.4.1945 at St
Anne's-on-Sea,
"less than a month after his retiring"
1959 Article in the
Dictionary of National
Biography by
Aubrey
Lewis,
drawing on
Lancet 5.5.1945 and
"personal
knowledge"
Notes
Guy's Hospital Founded 1726
Opposite St, Thomas's. Near London Bridge
Leigh's New Picture of London 1819
Middlesex Hospital Founded 1745
Mortimer Street, London, W1T 3AA
1830 map -
Modern map
External link to history
St Bartholomew's Hospital Medieval foundation about
1123.
St George's Hospital Founded 1734
Hyde Park Corner
(1830 map)
(modern map: Hyde Park Corner
"this and the Westminster Hospital, opposite Westminster Abbey,
... although of old foundation, have both been recently erected".
(Mogg's New Picture of London and Visitor's Guide to it
Sights, 1844)
External link to history
St Thomas's Hospital
Medieval foundation. Mid 12th century
External Link to Victorian London history
Royal Charter: 1553
St Thomas's was at the southern end of London Bridge. This one was
closed to allow railway building.
1830 map
1871 New St Thomas's by Westminster Bridge opened.
Possible influence on asylum architecture.
Westminster Hospital Founded 1720
Broad Sanctuary, Westminster Abbey.
The first English Hospital established and supported by voluntary
contributions.
New building, "an Elizabethan Gothic edifice" erected 1832
© Andrew Roberts 1981-